tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-46203051558013296372024-03-23T19:16:32.125+05:30Battery Shortcut - focused on lithium ion batteriesUnknownnoreply@blogger.comBlogger79125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4620305155801329637.post-36175015578294127282023-05-30T21:58:00.000+05:302023-05-30T21:58:38.339+05:30Electrolyte Decomposition<p> Electrolyte decomposition in a lithium-ion cell can significantly contribute to cell degradation. Several factors can lead to electrolyte decomposition, including voltage limits, operating temperature, overcharging, impurities, electrolyte composition, cell age and cycling<br /><br />When the electrolyte decomposes, it can lead to the formation of various byproducts, such as gases, solid deposits, and reactive species. These byproducts can negatively impact the performance and stability of the cell in several ways:<br /></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Capacity loss: Electrolyte decomposition can result in the irreversible loss of active lithium ions, reducing the overall capacity of the battery.</li><li>Formation of a passivation layer: Decomposition byproducts can accumulate on the electrode surfaces and form a passivation layer, which increases the resistance to lithium ion transport. This leads to decreased battery performance, including lower energy and power densities.</li><li>Cell impedance increase: The formation of solid deposits or films on the electrode surfaces increases the internal resistance of the cell, leading to higher impedance. This results in reduced power output and increased voltage drop during cell operation.</li><li>Gas evolution and internal pressure increase: Some decomposition reactions generate gases, such as carbon dioxide or carbon monoxide. Accumulation of gas bubbles can cause mechanical stress and increase internal pressure within the cell, potentially leading to cell swelling, leakage, or even rupture.</li><li>Side reactions and electrolyte consumption: Decomposition byproducts may react with electrode materials, resulting in the consumption of active material and reduced electrode performance. Side reactions can also contribute to the growth of unwanted structures, such as dendrites, which can lead to short circuits or internal cell damage.</li></ul><p>To mitigate the negative effects of electrolyte decomposition, efforts are made to design electrolytes with improved stability, such as incorporating additives that can suppress decomposition reactions or enhance the formation of a stable solid electrolyte interface (SEI) layer. Controlling operating conditions, such as temperature and voltage limits, is also crucial in minimizing electrolyte decomposition and extending cell lifespan.</p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4620305155801329637.post-32041584646545199342023-04-20T21:13:00.079+05:302023-05-30T21:31:28.832+05:30Leading Lithium ion cell manufacturers<br />
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<div class="table-container">
<h3 class="table-heading">Lithium ion cell manufacturers</h3>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>S.No.</th>
<th>Cell Manufacturer</th>
<th>Web page</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td data-heading="S.No.">1</td>
<td data-heading="Cell Manufacturer">Contemporary Amperex Technology Co., Ltd. (CATL)</td>
<td data-heading="Web page"><a href="https://www.catl.com/en/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">link</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td data-heading="S.No.">2</td>
<td data-heading="Cell Manufacturer">LG Chem Ltd.</td>
<td data-heading="Web page"><a href="https://www.lgensol.com/en/index" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">link</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td data-heading="S.No.">3</td>
<td data-heading="Cell Manufacturer">BYD Co., Ltd </td>
<td data-heading="Web page"><a href="https://www.bydglobal.com/en/index.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">link</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td data-heading="S.No.">4</td>
<td data-heading="Cell Manufacturer">Panasonic Corporation</td>
<td data-heading="Web page"><a href="https://na.panasonic.com/us/automotive-solutions/ev-hev-energy-0" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">link</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td data-heading="S.No.">5</td>
<td data-heading="Cell Manufacturer">SK Innovation Co., Ltd</td>
<td data-heading="Web page"><a href="http://eng.skinnovation.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">link</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td data-heading="S.No.">6</td>
<td data-heading="Cell Manufacturer">Samsung SDI Co., Ltd.</td>
<td data-heading="Web page"><a href="https://www.samsungsdi.com/index.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">link</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td data-heading="S.No.">7</td>
<td data-heading="Cell Manufacturer">CALB</td>
<td data-heading="Web page"><a href="https://en.calb-tech.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">link</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td data-heading="S.No.">8</td>
<td data-heading="Cell Manufacturer">Gotion (Gotion Parent Company: Guoxuan High-Tech Co., Ltd.)</td>
<td data-heading="Web page"><a href="https://www.gotion.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">link</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td data-heading="S.No.">9</td>
<td data-heading="Cell Manufacturer">EVE Energy Co., Ltd. (EVE)</td>
<td data-heading="Web page"><a href="https://www.evebattery.com/en/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">link</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td data-heading="S.No.">10</td>
<td data-heading="Cell Manufacturer">Sunwoda Electronic Co., Ltd.</td>
<td data-heading="Web page"><a href="https://en.sunwoda.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">link</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td data-heading="S.No.">11</td>
<td data-heading="Cell Manufacturer">SVOLT</td>
<td data-heading="Web page"><a href="https://www.svolt.cn/en/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">link</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td data-heading="S.No.">12</td>
<td data-heading="Cell Manufacturer">Envision AESC</td>
<td data-heading="Web page"><a href="https://www.envision-aesc.com/en/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">link</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td data-heading="S.No.">13</td>
<td data-heading="Cell Manufacturer">Tianjin Lishen Battery Joint-Stock Co., Ltd. (Lishen Battery)</td>
<td data-heading="Web page"><a href="http://en.lishen.com.cn/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">link</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td data-heading="S.No.">14</td>
<td data-heading="Cell Manufacturer">Amperex Technology Limited</td>
<td data-heading="Web page"><a href="https://www.atlbattery.com/en/index.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">link</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td data-heading="S.No.">15</td>
<td data-heading="Cell Manufacturer">Murata</td>
<td data-heading="Web page"><a href="https://www.murata.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">link</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td data-heading="S.No.">16</td>
<td data-heading="Cell Manufacturer">Shenzen BAK Battery Co., Ltd.</td>
<td data-heading="Web page"><a href="http://www.bakpower.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">link</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td data-heading="S.No.">17</td>
<td data-heading="Cell Manufacturer">Toshiba</td>
<td data-heading="Web page"><a href="https://www.global.toshiba/ww/products-solutions/battery/scib.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">link</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td data-heading="S.No.">18</td>
<td data-heading="Cell Manufacturer">SAFT</td>
<td data-heading="Web page"><a href="https://www.saft.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">link</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td data-heading="S.No.">19</td>
<td data-heading="Cell Manufacturer">Chinarept (Ruipu Lanjun Energy Co., Ltd. or REPT)</td>
<td data-heading="Web page"><a href="https://chinarept.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">link</a></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table></div><div class="table-container"> </div><div class="table-container"><i><b>The concentration of lithium-ion cell manufacturing in and around China is a result of multiple factors, including access to raw materials, supportive industrial policies, a well-developed manufacturing ecosystem, and growing market demand. While this concentration brings advantages in terms of economies of scale, technological advancements, and supply chain efficiency, it also presents challenges related to supply chain vulnerability and environmental concerns. As the demand for lithium-ion cells continues to rise, it is essential to ensure a diversified supply chain, promote responsible sourcing.</b></i><br /><br />The demand for lithium-ion cells has experienced a significant surge in recent years, primarily due to their crucial role in powering portable electronic devices, electric vehicles (EVs), and renewable energy storage systems. There has been a noticeable concentration of manufacturing activities, particularly in and around China, which can be attributed to a combination of historical, economic, and technological factors. China, being one of the world's largest manufacturers, has consistently demonstrated its prowess in mass production and cost-efficient manufacturing processes. This expertise, combined with the nation's abundant labor force and extensive infrastructure, has enabled it to establish a dominant position in various industries, including lithium-ion cell manufacturing.<br /><br /><b>Factors Driving Concentration:</b><br /><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><b>Access to Raw Materials: </b>China possess substantial reserves of key lithium-ion cell materials, such as lithium, cobalt, nickel, and graphite. Proximity to these resources allows manufacturers in the region to secure a steady supply at competitive prices, reducing dependence on imports.</li><li><b>Favorable Industrial Policies: </b>Governments in China have implemented supportive industrial policies, providing incentives, subsidies, and favorable regulations for lithium-ion cell manufacturing. These measures have attracted both domestic and foreign investments, further bolstering the concentration of production in the region.</li><li><b>Manufacturing Ecosystem: </b>The presence of a well-developed manufacturing ecosystem in China, characterized by an extensive network of suppliers, component manufacturers, and skilled labor, offers cost and logistical advantages. This ecosystem facilitates efficient supply chain management, lowers production costs, and accelerates time-to-market for lithium-ion cell manufacturers.</li><li><b>Market Demand: </b>China, as the world's largest EV market, has witnessed significant growth in the adoption of electric vehicles. This robust demand has incentivized manufacturers to establish production facilities in close proximity to the market to reduce transportation costs and respond quickly to evolving customer needs. Additionally, the rising demand for consumer electronics and energy storage systems in the region has further fueled the concentration of lithium-ion cell manufacturing.</li></ul><b>Advantages:</b><br /><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><b>Economies of Scale: </b>Concentration enables manufacturers to achieve economies of scale, reducing production costs and making lithium-ion cells more affordable for consumers.</li><li><b>Technological Advancements: </b>The concentration fosters intense competition, driving innovation and technological advancements in cell manufacturing processes, materials, and energy densities.</li><li><b>Supply Chain Efficiency: </b>The proximity of raw material suppliers, component manufacturers, and assemblers streamlines the supply chain, ensuring efficient production and faster response times.</li></ul><br /><b>Challenges:</b><br /><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><b>Supply Chain Vulnerability: </b>Concentration in a specific region poses risks associated with supply chain disruptions, such as geopolitical tensions, natural disasters, or changes in government policies.</li><li><b>Environmental Concerns: </b>The extraction and processing of raw materials, particularly lithium and cobalt, can have environmental and social impacts. Concentration may exacerbate these concerns if not managed responsibly.</li></ul><br /> </div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4620305155801329637.post-67160253545369002292023-04-07T22:53:00.007+05:302023-04-08T18:49:37.854+05:30Particle Cracking<p>Particle cracking or fracture is a common phenomenon that can occur in the active materials used in lithium-ion batteries, particularly in the cathode. This is because the cathode material undergoes repeated cycles of lithium ion insertion and extraction during charge and discharge, which can cause stress on the particles.<br /><br />When the cathode particles undergo stress, they can develop cracks or fractures, which can lead to a decrease in the battery's capacity and performance over time. In addition, the broken particles can also generate unwanted side reactions with the electrolyte, leading to further degradation of the battery.<br /><br />There are several factors that can contribute to particle fracture in lithium-ion battery cathodes, including the particle size, morphology, and surface area of the active material, as well as the specific cathode chemistry and cycling conditions.<br /><br />Researchers are actively exploring ways to mitigate particle fracture in lithium-ion battery cathodes through the development of new materials with improved mechanical stability and the use of innovative electrode designs and cycling protocols.</p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8tGCrNUCA5rVa5NyzbioLGI19apK0YmPKFTLYyK71GjSDBnH_lmYmI8_f1YwPMYiFa_AkZ11yxb9OzvjP4TiYK9xS8rwUZ9-p_P3ehYchMOaBmFzfeMr66NbhAtoUcsVtetDbmawTsHpNhchz6o9zZg-9Nnx6f6Ck0CEpFOx-ckbF1siUDnr_fpS7/s485/particle_cracking.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="485" data-original-width="453" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8tGCrNUCA5rVa5NyzbioLGI19apK0YmPKFTLYyK71GjSDBnH_lmYmI8_f1YwPMYiFa_AkZ11yxb9OzvjP4TiYK9xS8rwUZ9-p_P3ehYchMOaBmFzfeMr66NbhAtoUcsVtetDbmawTsHpNhchz6o9zZg-9Nnx6f6Ck0CEpFOx-ckbF1siUDnr_fpS7/s320/particle_cracking.png" width="299" /></a></div><br /> <p></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4620305155801329637.post-36941173929772068602023-04-07T22:50:00.003+05:302023-04-07T22:50:25.647+05:30Lithium Plating<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">What is it?</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Lithium plating is a phenomenon that can occur in lithium-ion batteries when the battery is charged too quickly or at low temperatures. When this happens, some of the lithium ions in the electrolyte solution may be deposited onto the surface of the battery's anode (negative electrode) instead of being incorporated/intercalated into the anode material.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><span> </span>In simpler words, lithium ions are not able to move inside the anode particles and are jammed over the anode electrode while charging, either due to faster charging or due to lower temperatures.</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"></span></div><p></p><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><b>How potential of anode and lithium metal change during this process?</b></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">During normal operation of a lithium-ion battery, the potential of the anode is kept at a lower voltage than that of lithium metal, typically around 0.01-0.1 volts. This allows the lithium ions to be absorbed by the anode material during charging and prevents the formation of metallic lithium on the anode surface. In case of plating as the amount of lithium metal on the anode surface increases, the potential of the anode with respect to lithium metal may become more zero or negative and the lithium ions will no longer be absorbed by the anode material.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"></span></p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><b>Effects </b></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">Lithium plating can
have negative consequences for battery performance and safety. The
plating layer can reduce the capacity and efficiency of the battery,
leading to decreased performance and shorter overall lifespan.
Additionally, if the lithium plating layer becomes too thick, it can
cause a short circuit within the battery by penetrating through
separator and connecting to cathode layer which can result in
overheating or even fire.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">How to prevent?</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';">To prevent lithium plating, it
is important to charge lithium-ion batteries within their recommended
temperature and current ranges. Charging at low temperatures or at high
currents can increase the risk of lithium plating. It is also important
to use chargers that are specifically designed for the type of battery
being charged and to follow the manufacturer's instructions for charging
and storing the battery.</span></div><span style="font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"> </span></div></div><p></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4620305155801329637.post-55348350796899345192023-04-07T22:27:00.003+05:302023-04-07T22:27:57.023+05:30SEI Layer<p><b>What is a SEI layer?</b><br />SEI stands for Solid Electrolyte Interface and forms over anode material. It is a critical component in cell, playing a key role in their performance, stability, and safety. It is a thin layer that forms on the surface of the anode particle, majorly during the first charging cycle also called as formation cycle. SEI also grows or breaks and forms again in consecutive cycles throughout the life-cycle of the cell. It should be noted that similar layer which grows over cathode is called as cathode electrode interface or CEI layer.<br /><br /><b>How it effects performance?</b><br />The SEI layer serves several functions in a lithium-ion battery. </p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>It acts as a barrier between the electrode and the electrolyte, preventing further reaction between the two. This helps to stabilize the battery and prevent degradation of the electrode over time.</li><li>It allows lithium ions to pass through while blocking the passage of other molecules, such as electrolyte solvent molecules or other impurities. This helps to maintain the proper concentration of ions in the electrolyte and prevents the battery from losing capacity over time.</li><li>It can also help to prevent thermal runaway in the battery by acting as a thermal barrier. This can help to improve the safety of lithium-ion batteries, which can be prone to overheating and even exploding under certain conditions.</li></ul><p><b>How is it generated and evolves?</b><br />The SEI layer is formed by the reaction of the electrolyte with the electrode surface and composed of organic and inorganic compounds that are byproducts of this reaction. The composition of the SEI layer can vary depending on the type of electrolyte and electrode materials. The layer is very thin, typically only a few nanometers thick, but it is essential for the proper functioning of the battery.</p><p>As the battery is cycled, the SEI layer can evolve and change in composition. This is because the SEI layer is not completely stable and can react with the electrolyte and other materials in the battery over time. In general, the SEI layer can become thicker and more stable over the course of the battery's life, which can help to improve the battery's performance and stability. However, if the SEI layer becomes too thick or too stable, it can start to impede the movement of lithium ions through the battery, which can lead to a decrease in the battery's capacity and performance.</p><p>On the other hand, if the SEI layer becomes too thin or unstable, it can lead to the formation of dendrites, which are small, needle-like structures that can grow from the surface of the electrode and penetrate the separator, causing a short circuit in the battery.<br /><br /><b>How to control and optimize it?</b><br />The evolution of the SEI layer is a critical factor in the performance and safety of lithium-ion batteries. Researchers are actively studying ways to optimize the formation and evolution of the SEI layer to improve the performance and safety of lithium-ion batteries. There are several approaches that researchers are exploring to control the SEI layer, including:<br /></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Electrolyte Additives: One way to control the SEI layer is to add certain chemicals to the electrolyte. These additives can react with the electrolyte and the electrode surface to form a more stable and uniform SEI layer.</li><li>Electrode Surface Modification: Another approach is to modify the surface of the electrode to control the formation of the SEI layer. This can be done by coating the electrode surface with a thin layer of material that promotes the formation of a more stable SEI layer.</li><li>Controlled Charging Conditions: The formation and evolution of the SEI layer can also be controlled by adjusting the charging conditions of the battery. For example, reducing the charging rate or limiting the upper voltage of the battery can help to prevent the formation of a thick or unstable SEI layer.</li><li>Improved Electrolyte Composition: Researchers are also exploring ways to develop new electrolytes with improved composition and stability, which can help to promote the formation of a more stable and uniform SEI layer.</li></ul><p><b>What is its thickness?</b><br />The thickness of the SEI layer in lithium-ion batteries is typically in the range of a few nanometers to tens of nanometers. However, the exact thickness can vary depending on variety of factors, and understanding and controlling these factors is important for optimizing battery performance and longevity. In contrast to CEI layer which is stable and thinner, SEI layer is thicker and generally dynamic. This can be compared to apple for cathode and orange for anode.<br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuXPDZbGXN5OZUfkOAPH7c5MU8aGrle-n2Y9Mp2FKLj154KVuKdopCLgCfb-Drvqmpqg0OrBTlOH2Qk9NaKPft0YagA5ea7FIgvOSBpOkwiYx_rNZS2iZBpwtXkmsicJX7Wch6DyoBE7iF2NoOLTvse8SYQWxwhJMH0-pbwXXrT0R8G6Gc-6VAx-gQ/s938/Picture1.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="568" data-original-width="938" height="194" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuXPDZbGXN5OZUfkOAPH7c5MU8aGrle-n2Y9Mp2FKLj154KVuKdopCLgCfb-Drvqmpqg0OrBTlOH2Qk9NaKPft0YagA5ea7FIgvOSBpOkwiYx_rNZS2iZBpwtXkmsicJX7Wch6DyoBE7iF2NoOLTvse8SYQWxwhJMH0-pbwXXrT0R8G6Gc-6VAx-gQ/s320/Picture1.png" width="320" /></a></div><br /><p><br /></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4620305155801329637.post-68180556956397740112023-04-04T22:46:00.000+05:302023-04-04T22:46:38.334+05:30Calendar Ageing<p>Calendar ageing is a type of ageing that occurs in lithium-ion batteries over time, regardless of whether they are being used or not. It is caused by the gradual degradation of the battery's materials due to chemical reactions that occur over time. This type of ageing is different from cycle ageing, which occurs as a result of the battery being charged and discharged repeatedly.</p><p>Calendar ageing is an important issue to study because it can significantly impact the battery's performance and safety. As a battery ages, its capacity decreases and its internal resistance increases, which can lead to a reduction in its ability to deliver power. Additionally, calendar ageing can cause the battery to become less stable and more prone to safety issues, such as thermal runaway or short circuits.</p><p>There are several factors that can affect the rate of calendar ageing in lithium-ion batteries, including temperature, state of charge, and the composition of the battery's materials. By studying calendar ageing, researchers can develop strategies to extend the lifespan of lithium-ion batteries and improve their performance and safety.</p><p><b>How does it is measured?</b></p><p>It can be measured by monitoring changes in the capacity and resistance over time. One common method of measuring calendar ageing is to charge the battery to a certain level, keep it idle for certain amount of time, and then measure its capacity and internal resistance. Another method of measuring calendar ageing is to use electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), which involves applying a small AC voltage to the battery and measuring the resulting AC current over a range of frequencies. The impedance can then be calculated from the measurements, and changes in impedance over time can indicate changes in the battery's internal resistance and other properties. Measuring calendar ageing can be challenging, as it is a complex process that depends on many factors, such as temperature, state of charge, and the specific chemistry of the battery's materials. Additionally, accurate measurements require specialized equipment and expertise.</p><p>Nonetheless, studying calendar ageing is an important area of research in the field of lithium-ion batteries, as it can provide insights into battery performance and help inform strategies for extending battery life and improving safety. <br /></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4620305155801329637.post-41822686614428563052022-12-27T22:27:00.004+05:302023-01-04T20:24:27.295+05:30Resistance of a cell<p>Capacity, nominal voltage and internal resistance are the basic parameters determining the performance of the lithium ion cell. The two parameters capacity,C and voltage,V define the energy (E=C x V) of the cell, while the power depends on the internal resistance of the cell. For a power cell the resistance has to be of the order of milli ohms or lesser. The resistance depends on various factors and it changes with SOC, temperature of operation, the applied current and the cell age. There are several ways to measure the resistance of a lithium-ion cell: </p><ol style="text-align: left;"><li>AC Internal resistance measurement: This method is a standard way to measure resistance and it involves applying a small AC voltage (Vac) to the cell and measuring the resulting AC current (Iac). The internal resistance of the cell can then be calculated using Ohm's law (ACIR = Vac/Iac). This method is generally accurate but requires specialized equipment which can generate ac frequency signal of 1000Hz and 100 mA. The signal applied is instantaneous and it can be assumed that neither the SOC of the cell doesn't change nor the heating of cell occur in this process.<br /></li><li>DC load test: In this method, a pulse signal or step change is required to observe change in voltage and current, before and after step. The cell's resistance can then be calculated using Ohm's law, if Vi and Ii is the initial current before step and after step it is Vf and If, then DCIR = (Vi – Vf ) / (Ii – If). The applied step change in current can be a step up in current, which is a charge pulse, or it can be a step down in current, which is a discharge pulse. This method is relatively simple and can be done with a cycler, but the results may not be as accurate as the SOC or state of the cell changes when current is applied.<br /></li><li>Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS): This method involves applying a small AC voltage with a large frequency spectrum (typically 1 mHz to 100 kHz) to the cell and measuring the resulting AC current. The cell's impedance (which is related to resistance) can be calculated from the measurements. EIS can provide detailed information about the cell's electrochemical processes and is often used in research and development. However, it requires specialized equipment and can be time-consuming.</li></ol><br />Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4620305155801329637.post-44548682193192756842022-12-27T08:00:00.008+05:302022-12-27T15:04:17.054+05:30Circular Economy<p>The circular economy is an economic model in which resources are used in a way that maximizes their value and minimizes waste. In the context of lithium-ion batteries, a circular economy approach involves designing and producing batteries in a way that allows them to be reused, recycled, or repurposed at the end of their useful life. Implementing a circular economy approach to lithium-ion batteries can help to reduce waste, conserve resources, and reduce the environmental impacts of battery production. It can also help to ensure a sustainable supply of battery materials and support the transition to a low-carbon economy.<br /></p><p> <b>Understanding present supply chain for LIB</b></p><p>The supply chain for batteries involves a series of steps that are necessary to produce, transport, and distribute batteries to consumers. The specific steps in the supply chain can vary depending on the type of battery and the materials used to make it, but some common steps include:</p><ol style="text-align: left;"><li>Mining and refining: Many battery materials, such as lithium and cobalt, are mined from the earth and then refined into a usable form. This process can involve extracting the raw materials from the ground, crushing and grinding the ore, and then separating the valuable minerals from the waste materials.</li><li>Manufacturing: The raw materials are then used to manufacture the different components of the battery, such as the cathode, anode, and electrolyte. This process can involve mixing the materials together, pressing them into a desired shape, and then assembling the components into a finished battery.</li><li>Transport: The finished batteries are then transported to warehouses or distribution centers, where they are stored until they are needed. This can involve shipping the batteries by land, sea, or air, depending on the distance and the mode of transportation that is most cost-effective.</li><li>Distribution: The batteries are then distributed to retailers or end users through a network of distributors and wholesalers. This can involve delivering the batteries directly to stores or warehouses, or to intermediaries who then distribute the batteries to smaller retailers or consumers.</li><li>Recycling : The batteries which reached the end of life can be disintegrated and sorted for using either as second-life batteries or broken down to recover the materials. The materials obtained would be refined and used back for the manufacturing of batteries.<br /></li></ol><p><b>Cost Advantage</b></p><p>Incorporating lithium-ion batteries into a circular economy can have several cost advantages.</p><ol style="text-align: left;"><li>Reduced material costs: Recycling lithium-ion batteries can help to reduce the demand for new raw materials, which can lower the cost of producing new batteries.</li><li>Increased efficiency: Second-life use of lithium-ion batteries can increase the overall efficiency of the energy system by allowing the batteries to be used in multiple applications, rather than being discarded after a single use.</li><li>Reduced waste: A circular economy approach can help to reduce waste by ensuring that resources are used in a way that maximizes their value and minimizes waste. This can reduce the costs associated with disposing of waste materials.</li><li>Increased innovation: The circular economy can encourage innovation in the design and production of batteries, as companies seek to develop products that are more easily reused, recycled, or repurposed. This can lead to new business opportunities and cost savings.</li></ol><p>Overall, the cost advantages of incorporating lithium-ion batteries into a circular economy can help to make the transition to a low-carbon economy more cost-effective and sustainable. <br /></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4620305155801329637.post-55368327186259645792022-12-27T07:36:00.004+05:302022-12-27T15:06:38.421+05:30Energy Storage System (ESS)<p>An energy storage system is a system that stores electrical energy for use at a later time. The stored energy can be released back when there is a need of energy. This can be done on a small scale, such as in a home or business, or on a larger scale, such as in a grid-level energy storage system.</p><p>There are several reasons why stationary energy storage is useful: </p><ol style="text-align: left;"><li>To smooth out fluctuations in energy demand: Energy storage systems can be used to store excess energy when demand is low and release it when demand is high, helping to smooth out fluctuations in energy demand.</li><li>To improve the reliability of the electricity grid: Energy storage systems can provide backup power in the event of a power outage, improving the reliability of the electricity grid.</li><li>To enable the integration of renewable energy sources: Energy storage systems can be used to store excess renewable energy, such as solar or wind power, and release it when needed, helping to increase the use of renewable energy sources.</li><li>To reduce greenhouse gas emissions: Energy storage systems can be used to store electricity generated from low-carbon or zero-emission sources, such as solar or wind power, helping to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.</li></ol><p>There are several technologies that can be used for stationary energy storage, including lithium-ion batteries, lead-acid batteries, and pumped hydroelectric storage. The choice of technology depends on factors such as the size of the system, the required storage capacity, and the available space. </p><p><b>Why LIB for ESS?</b> <br /></p><p>There are several reasons why lithium-ion batteries are a popular choice for energy storage: High energy density:</p><ol style="text-align: left;"><li>Lithium-ion batteries have a high energy density, which means that they can store a large amount of energy in a relatively small and lightweight package. This makes them well-suited for applications where space and weight are important considerations.</li><li>Relatively low self-discharge rate: Lithium-ion batteries have a relatively low self-discharge rate, meaning that they can hold a charge for a long time when not in use. This makes them well-suited for energy storage applications where the battery may not be discharged frequently.</li><li>Good cycle life: Lithium-ion batteries have a good cycle life, meaning that they can be charged and discharged many times before their performance begins to degrade. This makes them well-suited for energy storage applications where the battery may be charged and discharged frequently.</li><li>Low maintenance: Lithium-ion batteries require little maintenance, as they do not produce gasses during normal operation and do not need to be topped up with water.</li><li>Wide range of temperature tolerance: Lithium-ion batteries can operate over a wide range of temperatures, making them suitable for use in a variety of different environments.</li></ol><p>Overall, the high energy density, low self-discharge rate, good cycle life, low maintenance, and wide range of temperature tolerance make lithium-ion batteries an attractive choice for energy storage applications. <br /></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4620305155801329637.post-88454845319171928092022-12-25T23:46:00.003+05:302022-12-29T00:18:37.881+05:30Artificial Neural Network Battery Modelling<p>Artificial neural network (ANN) modeling is a type of battery modeling that uses machine learning algorithms to predict the performance of a lithium-ion battery. ANNs are designed to mimic the way the human brain processes information, and they can be trained to predict the performance of a lithium-ion battery based on a set of input data, such as the state of charge (SOC) and the temperature.</p><p>To develop an ANN model for a lithium-ion battery, it is necessary to collect a large dataset of input data (e.g., SOC, temperature) and the corresponding output data (e.g., capacity, voltage, power) for the battery, which can be used to train the ANN. Once the ANN has been trained, it can be used to make predictions about the battery's performance based on new input data.</p><p>One of the main advantages of ANN modeling is that it can be used to predict the performance of a lithium-ion battery over a wide range of operating conditions. ANN models are also relatively simple to implement and can be easily modified to account for changes in the battery's performance over time, such as capacity fading and degradation.</p><p>However, ANN modeling also has some limitations. It may not be as accurate as other types of battery modeling, such as electrochemical modeling, in predicting the performance of the battery under certain operating conditions. Additionally, ANN models can be sensitive to the quality of the training data, and they may require large datasets to achieve good performance. As a result, the choice of modeling approach will depend on the specific goals of the modeling effort and the level of detail and accuracy required.</p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4620305155801329637.post-68634122517329696952022-12-25T23:40:00.005+05:302022-12-29T00:19:03.460+05:30Equivalent Circuit Modelling<p>Equivalent circuit modeling is a type of battery modeling that represents a lithium-ion battery as a series of electrical components, such as resistors, capacitors, and inductors, that are connected in a specific configuration. Equivalent circuit models can be used to predict the voltage and current characteristics of a lithium-ion battery under different operating conditions, such as charge and discharge rates, temperature, and state of charge (SOC).</p><p>To develop an equivalent circuit model for a lithium-ion battery, it is necessary to identify the key electrical components that contribute to the battery's behavior and to determine their values. This can be done through a combination of theoretical analysis and experimental measurement. Once the values of the electrical components have been determined, they can be used to develop a mathematical model of the battery's behavior.</p><p>Equivalent circuit modeling has several advantages over other types of battery modeling. It is relatively simple to implement and can be used to predict the performance of a lithium-ion battery over a wide range of operating conditions. Additionally, equivalent circuit models can be easily modified to account for changes in the battery's performance over time, such as capacity fading and degradation.</p><p>However, equivalent circuit modeling also has some limitations. It does not capture the underlying physical and chemical processes that occur within the lithium-ion battery, and it may not be as accurate as other types of battery modeling, such as electrochemical modeling, in predicting the performance of the battery under certain operating conditions. As a result, the choice of modeling approach will depend on the specific goals of the modeling effort and the level of detail and accuracy required.</p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4620305155801329637.post-39374314856270810362022-12-25T23:37:00.002+05:302022-12-29T00:19:21.131+05:30Electrochemical Modelling<p>Electrochemical modeling is a type of battery modeling that simulates the electrochemical reactions that occur within a lithium-ion battery. It can be used to predict the performance and behavior of a lithium-ion battery under different operating conditions, such as charge and discharge rates, temperature, and state of charge (SOC).</p><p>To perform modeling, it is necessary to have a detailed understanding of the electrochemical processes that occur within the lithium-ion battery, including the movement of lithium ions between the cathode and anode and the generation of electricity. This information can be used to develop mathematical models that describe the electrochemical reactions within the battery, and to predict the capacity, voltage, and power of the battery under different operating conditions.</p><p>Electrochemical modeling can be a complex and time-consuming process, but it can provide valuable insights into the behavior and performance of lithium-ion batteries, which can be used to improve their design and performance. </p><p>Some of the key benefits of electrochemical modeling include: </p><ol style="text-align: left;"><li>Improved understanding of the electrochemical processes within the lithium-ion battery: By simulating the electrochemical reactions within the lithium-ion battery, it is possible to gain a detailed understanding of the underlying physical and chemical processes that drive the battery performance. This can be particularly useful for identifying the key factors that influence the battery performance and for developing strategies to optimize the battery design.</li><li>Improved battery performance: By using electrochemical modeling to predict the performance of a lithium-ion battery under different operating conditions, it is possible to optimize its design to achieve the desired performance. For example, electrochemical modeling can be used to predict the capacity, voltage, and power of the lithium-ion battery, and to optimize these parameters for different applications.</li><li>Enhanced safety: Electrochemical modeling can be used to predict the thermal behavior of a lithium-ion battery, including heat generation and dissipation within the battery. This can help to identify potential thermal issues that could affect the safety of the battery, such as overheating or thermal runaway.</li><li>Reduced development time and cost: By using electrochemical modeling to predict the performance of a lithium-ion battery, it is possible to reduce the time and cost associated with developing and testing new battery designs. This can be particularly important in the early stages of battery development, when numerous design iterations may be required to optimize the performance of the battery.</li><li>Improved reliability: By using electrochemical modeling to predict the performance and behavior of a lithium-ion battery over time, it is possible to identify potential degradation</li></ol>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4620305155801329637.post-52578614631670889232022-12-25T23:27:00.003+05:302022-12-29T00:19:37.815+05:30Lithium-ion Battery Modelling<p>Lithium-ion battery modeling refers to the process of using mathematical models to simulate the behavior and performance of lithium-ion battery. It can be used to predict the performance of a lithium-ion battery under different operating conditions, such as charge and discharge rates, temperature, and state of charge (SOC).</p><p>There are several different approaches to lithium-ion cell modeling, and the specific approach used will depend on the specific goals of the modeling effort and the level of detail and accuracy required. Some common approaches to lithium-ion cell modeling include:</p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Electrochemical models: These models simulate the electrochemical reactions that occur within the lithium-ion battery, including the movement of lithium ions between the cathode and anode and the generation of electricity. Electrochemical models can be used to predict the capacity, voltage, and power of the lithium-ion battery.</li><li>Thermal models: These models simulate the heat generation and dissipation within the lithium-ion battery, including the heat generated by the electrochemical reactions and the heat transferred to and from the surroundings. Thermal models can be used to predict the temperature of the lithium-ion battery and to identify potential thermal issues that could affect its performance.</li><li>Structural models: These models simulate the mechanical behavior of the lithium-ion battery, including the deformation and damage of the electrodes and separator due to the expansion and contraction of the electrodes during charging and discharging. Structural models can be used to predict the mechanical performance of the lithium-ion battery and to identify potential mechanical issues that could affect its performance.</li></ul><p><b>Significance of Battery Modelling</b></p><p>Battery modeling is a powerful tool that can be used to predict the performance and behavior of lithium-ion batteries under different operating conditions. The results of battery modeling can be used to improve the design and performance of lithium-ion batteries, and to optimize their use in different applications. Some of the key benefits of battery modeling include:</p><ol style="text-align: left;"><li>Improved battery performance: By using battery modeling to predict the performance of a lithium-ion battery under different operating conditions, it is possible to optimize its design to achieve the desired performance. For example, battery modeling can be used to predict the capacity, voltage, and power of the lithium-ion battery, and to optimize these parameters for different applications.</li><li>Enhanced safety: Battery modeling can be used to predict the thermal behavior of a lithium-ion battery, including the heat generation and dissipation within the battery. This can help to identify potential thermal issues that could affect the safety of the battery, such as overheating or thermal runaway.</li><li>Reduced development time and cost: By using battery modeling to predict the performance of a lithium-ion battery, it is possible to reduce the time and cost associated with developing and testing new battery designs. This can be particularly important in the early stages of battery development, when numerous design iterations may be required to optimize the performance of the battery.</li><li>Improved reliability: By using battery modeling to predict the performance and behavior of a lithium-ion battery over time, it is possible to identify potential degradation</li></ol><p> <b>Types of Battery Modelling</b></p><p>There are several different types of battery modeling approaches that can be used to simulate the behavior and performance of lithium-ion batteries. Some of the most common types of battery modeling approaches include: </p><ol style="text-align: left;"><li>Electrochemical models: These models simulate the electrochemical reactions that occur within the lithium-ion battery, including the movement of lithium ions between the cathode and anode and the generation of electricity. Electrochemical models can be used to predict the capacity, voltage, and power of the lithium-ion battery.</li><li>Equivalent circuit models: These models represent the lithium-ion battery as a series of electrical components, such as resistors, capacitors, and inductors, that are connected in a specific configuration. Equivalent circuit models can be used to predict the voltage and current characteristics of the lithium-ion battery under different operating conditions, such as charge and discharge rates, temperature, and state of charge (SOC).</li><li>Artificial neural network models: These models are based on a type of machine learning algorithm that is designed to mimic the way the human brain processes information. Artificial neural network models can be trained to predict the performance of the lithium-ion battery based on a set of input data, such as the state of charge (SOC) and the temperature.</li></ol><p>The specific type of modeling approach used will depend on the specific goals of the modeling effort and the level of detail and accuracy required.<br /></p><p> <br /></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4620305155801329637.post-32875315016235218632022-12-25T20:41:00.004+05:302022-12-27T15:30:38.489+05:30Lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC)<p>Lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC) is a material that is commonly used as the cathode in lithium-ion batteries. The cathode is the positive electrode in a lithium-ion battery, and it is a lithium-based compound that is composed of lithium, nickel, manganese, and cobalt.</p><p>One of the main advantages of using NMC as the cathode material in lithium-ion batteries is its high capacity for lithium-ion storage. NMC has a capacity for lithium-ion storage that is higher than that of other cathode materials, such as lithium iron phosphate (LFP) and lithium cobalt oxide (LCO). This makes it a good choice for high-energy-density applications, such as electric vehicles and portable electronics.</p><p>Additionally, NMC has a high rate of lithium-ion insertion and extraction, which means that it can deliver power at a high rate. This makes it a good choice for high-power density applications, such as power tools and electric bicycles.</p><p>However, there are also some challenges to using NMC as the cathode material in lithium-ion batteries. One of the main challenges is that NMC is more expensive than other cathode materials, such as LFP and LCO. Additionally, NMC is less stable over time compared to other cathode materials, which can lead to capacity fading and reduced performance. To address these challenges, researchers have explored various strategies, such as using NMC in a micro- or nano-structured form and using advanced manufacturing techniques.</p><p><b>NMC Variants</b></p><p>The specific composition of NMC can vary, and different compositions can be used to achieve different performance characteristics in lithium-ion batteries. </p><p>One common variation of NMC is NMC 111, which refers to a cathode material with a 1:1:1 ratio of nickel, manganese, and cobalt. NMC 111 has a high capacity for lithium-ion storage and a high rate of lithium-ion insertion and extraction, which makes it a good choice for high-energy and high-power density applications.</p><p>Another variation of NMC is NMC 622, which refers to a cathode material with a 6:2:2 ratio of nickel, manganese, and cobalt. NMC 622 has a lower capacity for lithium-ion storage compared to NMC 111, but it has a higher rate of lithium-ion insertion and extraction. This makes it a good choice for high-power density applications, such as power tools and electric bicycles.</p><p>There are also other variations of NMC with different compositions, such as NMC 532, NMC 811 and NMC 9xx (nickel is more than 90%). The specific composition of NMC can be tailored to meet the specific requirements of the application, such as energy density, power density, and cost.</p><p><b>High Nickel NMC</b> <br /></p><p>NMC cathode materials with more than 80% nickel are typically referred to as high-nickel NMC materials. These materials have a higher content of nickel compared to other NMC compositions, which can result in higher capacity for lithium-ion storage. </p><p>High-nickel NMC cathode materials have a higher capacity for lithium-ion storage compared to other NMC compositions, which makes them a good choice for high-energy density applications, such as electric vehicles and portable electronics. However, high-nickel NMC cathode materials also tend to have a lower rate of lithium-ion insertion and extraction compared to other NMC compositions, which can limit their power density.</p><p>It is worth noting that high-nickel NMC cathode materials can be more cheaper than other NMC compositions due to the lower content of nickel. Additionally, high-nickel NMC cathode materials can be less stable over time compared to other NMC compositions, which can lead to capacity fading and reduced performance. As a result, the specific choice of NMC composition will depend on the specific requirements of the application. <br /></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4620305155801329637.post-24737661633652984142022-12-25T20:29:00.006+05:302022-12-27T15:31:25.020+05:30LFP Vs NMC<p>Lithium iron phosphate (LFP) and lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC) are two materials that are commonly used as cathode materials in lithium-ion batteries. The cathode is the positive electrode in a lithium-ion battery, and it is typically made of a lithium-based compound.</p><p>LFP is a lithium-based compound that is composed of lithium, iron, and phosphate. It has a high level of stability and is resistant to degradation, which makes it a good choice for long-life applications, such as stationary energy storage systems. LFP also has a relatively low cost compared to other cathode materials, such as lithium cobalt oxide (LCO) and lithium manganese oxide (LMO). However, LFP has a lower capacity for lithium-ion storage and a lower rate of lithium-ion insertion and extraction compared to other cathode materials, which can limit the energy and power density of the battery.</p><p>NMC is a lithium-based compound that is composed of lithium, nickel, manganese, and cobalt. It has a higher capacity for lithium-ion storage and a higher rate of lithium-ion insertion and extraction compared to LFP, which makes it a good choice for high-energy and high-power density applications. However, NMC is also more expensive than LFP, and it is less stable over time, which can lead to capacity fading and reduced performance.</p><p>In summary, LFP and NMC are two different materials that are commonly used as cathode materials in lithium-ion batteries. LFP is a good choice for long-life applications due to its high stability and low cost, while NMC is a good choice for high-energy and high-power density applications. The specific choice of cathode material will depend on the specific requirements of the application.</p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4620305155801329637.post-24960537561106044392022-12-25T20:28:00.001+05:302022-12-27T15:32:07.017+05:30Lithium iron posphate (LFP)<p>Lithium iron phosphate (LFP) is a material that is commonly used as the cathode in lithium-ion batteries. LFP is a lithium-based compound which is composed of lithium, iron, and phosphate. One of the main advantages of using LFP as the cathode material in lithium-ion batteries is its high level of stability. LFP is resistant to degradation and has a high thermal stability, which makes it less prone to capacity fading over time. This makes it a good choice for long-life applications, such as stationary energy storage systems.</p><p>Additionally, LFP has a relatively low cost compared to other cathode materials, such as lithium cobalt oxide (LCO) Lithim nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC) and lithium manganese oxide (LMO). This makes it a good choice for use in mass-produced consumer electronics and other low-cost applications.</p><p>However, there are also some challenges to using LFP as the cathode material in lithium-ion batteries. One of the main challenges is that LFP has a lower theoretical capacity (165 mAh/g) for lithium-ion storage than other cathode materials, such as LCO, NMC and LMO. This can limit the energy density of the battery. Additionally, LFP has a relatively low rate of lithium-ion insertion and extraction, which can limit the power density of the battery. As a result, LFP is typically used in applications where a high level of stability is more important than high energy or power density. </p><p> LFP Vs NMC <br /></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4620305155801329637.post-23195930271580224882022-12-25T20:10:00.004+05:302022-12-27T15:33:11.509+05:30Lithium Titanate (LTO)<p>Lithium titanate (LTO, Li4Ti5O12) is a material that has been explored as an alternative to graphite for use as the anode in lithium-ion batteries. LTO has several unique properties that make it an attractive anode material for lithium-ion batteries, including a high capacity for lithium-ion storage, a high rate of lithium-ion insertion and extraction, and a high level of chemical stability.</p><p>One of the main advantages of using LTO as the anode material in lithium-ion batteries is its structure which give it a high stability in the charge-discharge process. LTO has a high rate of lithium-ion insertion and extraction, which means that it can deliver power at a high rate. This makes it a good choice for high-power density applications, such as electric vehicles and power tools. Another advantage of LTO is its high level of chemical stability. LTO is resistant to degradation and does not form a solid electrolyte interface (SEI) layer on its surface, which makes it less prone to capacity fading over time. This makes it a good choice for long-life applications, such as stationary energy storage systems.</p><p></p><p>However, there are also some challenges to using LTO as the anode material in lithium-ion batteries. One of the main challenges is that LTO has a lower capacity, LTO has a capacity for lithium-ion storage that is about half that of
graphite, which limit the energy density of the battery. It also has higher voltage when compared with graphite or silicon. Additionally, LTO is relatively expensive compared to other anode materials, such as graphite. As a result, it is typically used in specialized applications where its unique properties are needed.</p><p><b>Technical</b></p><p>Li4Ti5O12</p><p>Structure: Spinel with Fd-3m space group<br /></p><p>Initial Capacity: ~270 mAh/g (When discharged from 2.0-0.01V)</p><p>First Reversible Capacity: ~210 mAh/g (Includes formation of SEI layer)<br /></p><p>Theoretical Capacity : 175 mAh/g (Converts from Li4Ti5O12 to Li7Ti5O12)</p><p>Specific Capacity: ~170 mAh/g</p><p>Voltage: 1.5 V (Li/Li+)</p><p><b>References:</b></p><p>[1] Liu, Haodong, et al. "Elucidating the limit of Li insertion into the spinel Li4Ti5O12." ACS Materials Letters 1.1 (2019): 96-102. <a href="https://www.osti.gov/pages/servlets/purl/1529890" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><b>PDF Link</b></a></p><p><b> </b><br /></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4620305155801329637.post-78766903393383228592022-12-25T20:00:00.002+05:302022-12-27T15:34:27.648+05:30Silicon<p>Silicon is a material that has been explored as an alternative to graphite for use as the anode in lithium-ion batteries. Silicon has a much higher theoretical capacity (4,212 mAh/g for Li22Si5) for lithium-ion storage than graphite, which makes it a promising candidate for use in high-energy density batteries. In fact, silicon has a capacity for lithium-ion storage that is about 10 times higher than that of graphite.</p><p>However, there are also some challenges to using silicon as the anode material in lithium-ion batteries. One of the main challenges is that silicon expands significantly when it is intercalated with lithium ions. This expansion can cause the silicon to crack and break, leading to the formation of a solid electrolyte interface (SEI) layer that can limit the ability of the battery to deliver power. Additionally, the expansion of the silicon can cause mechanical stress on the battery, leading to degradation over time.</p><p>To address these challenges, researchers have explored various strategies to improve the performance of silicon anodes in lithium-ion batteries. These strategies include using silicon-carbon composite materials, using silicon nanoparticles, and using silicon in a micro- or nano-structured form. While these strategies have shown some promise in improving the performance of silicon anodes, more research is needed to fully understand the potential of silicon as an anode material in lithium-ion batteries.</p><p><b>Silicon-Graphite Composite</b></p><p>The amount of silicon in a graphite anode would depend on the specific design and construction of the battery. In general, graphite anodes used in lithium-ion batteries are made of pure graphite, which means that they do not contain any silicon. Instead, they are made of layers of graphite that are stacked on top of one another and held together with van der Waals forces.</p><p>It is possible to use silicon-carbon composite materials as the anode material in lithium-ion batteries. These materials are made by combining silicon with a carbon matrix, such as graphite or carbon fibers. The amount of silicon in these composite materials can vary, but it is typically much lower than the amount of carbon. For example, a silicon-carbon composite anode might contain 2 - 20% silicon and 80-98% carbon. However, the capacity of a silicon-carbon composite anode is typically lower than the theoretical capacity of pure silicon due to the presence of the carbon matrix, which reduces the overall capacity of the anode.</p><p>The capacity of a silicon-carbon composite anode also tends to degrade over time due to the expansion and contraction of the silicon during charging and discharging, as well as the formation of a solid electrolyte interface (SEI) layer on the surface of the anode. To improve the capacity and performance of silicon-carbon composite anodes, researchers have explored various strategies such as using silicon nanoparticles, using silicon in a micro- or nano-structured form, and using advanced manufacturing techniques.<br /></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4620305155801329637.post-55895139336618172232022-12-25T19:47:00.004+05:302022-12-27T15:35:02.806+05:30Graphite<p>Graphite is a common material used as the anode in lithium-ion batteries. The anode is the negative electrode in a lithium-ion battery, and it is typically made of carbon. Graphite is a form of carbon that is highly conductive and has a high theoretical capacity for lithium-ion storage.</p><p>In a lithium-ion battery, lithium ions are inserted into the anode during charging and removed from the anode during discharge. When lithium ions are inserted into the anode, they are intercalated into the layers of graphite, allowing for the storage of a large amount of lithium ions. The intercalation of lithium ions into the graphite lattice structure is reversible, which allows the battery to be charged and discharged multiple times without degradation.</p><p>One of the advantages of using graphite as the anode material in lithium-ion batteries is that it is relatively inexpensive and abundant. Additionally, it has a high theoretical capacity of 372 mAh/g for lithium-ion storage, making it a good choice for high-energy-density batteries. However, graphite also has some limitations as an anode material. For example, it has a relatively low rate of lithium-ion insertion and extraction, which can limit the power density of the battery. Additionally, the expansion and contraction of the graphite during charging and discharging can cause mechanical stress and degradation of the anode over time.</p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4620305155801329637.post-67866131528521964072022-12-25T00:05:00.003+05:302022-12-27T15:36:13.419+05:30Lithium-ion Capacitor<p>A lithium-ion capacitor (LIC) is a hybrid energy storage device that combines the characteristics of a lithium-ion battery (LIBs) and a supercapacitor. It is a type of lithium-ion device that uses a carbon-based negative electrode and a lithium-ion intercalation positive electrode.</p><p>Like supercapacitors, lithium-ion capacitors have a high power density, meaning they can deliver or receive energy very quickly. They also have a relatively high energy density, meaning they can store a significant amount of energy. In addition, they have a long lifespan and are resistant to degradation.</p><p>One of the main advantages of lithium-ion capacitors is their ability to combine the high power density of supercapacitors with the high energy density of lithium-ion batteries. This makes them well-suited for applications that require both high power and high energy, such as hybrid electric vehicles and renewable energy systems.</p><p>Lithium-ion capacitors are still an emerging technology and are not yet widely available on the market. They are an active area of research and development, and scientists are working on improving their performance and reducing their cost.</p><p><b> LICs vs LIBs </b></p><p>LICs and LIBs are both types of energy storage devices that use lithium ions as the charge-carrying species. However, they have some important differences in their characteristics and applications.</p><p>One of the main differences between LICs and LIBs is their energy density. Lithium-ion batteries have a much higher energy density than lithium-ion capacitors, meaning they can store more energy per unit of mass or volume. This makes them well-suited for applications that require a long-lasting power source, such as laptops, cell phones, and electric vehicles.</p><p>On the other hand, lithium-ion capacitors have a much higher power density than lithium-ion batteries, meaning they can deliver or receive energy much more quickly. This makes them well-suited for applications that require quick bursts of power, such as hybrid electric vehicles and renewable energy systems.</p><p>Another difference between the two technologies is their charging and discharging rate. Lithium-ion capacitors can be charged and discharged much faster than lithium-ion batteries, making them well-suited for applications that require frequent charge/discharge cycles.</p><p>Finally, lithium-ion capacitors have a much longer lifespan than lithium-ion batteries, typically lasting for millions of charge/discharge cycles compared to hundreds or thousands of cycles for batteries. However, lithium-ion batteries have a higher energy density, which allows them to store more energy and therefore last longer in some applications.</p><p>In summary, lithium-ion capacitors and lithium-ion batteries have different strengths and are used in a variety of applications depending on the specific energy and power requirements of the system.<br /></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4620305155801329637.post-82007869845612160362022-12-24T23:57:00.007+05:302022-12-27T15:37:36.634+05:30 Sodium-ion Batteries<p> Sodium-ion batteries are a type of rechargeable battery that uses sodium ions as the charge-carrying species. They are similar to lithium-ion batteries in that they use intercalation chemistry to store and deliver electrical energy, but they use sodium ions instead of lithium ions.</p><p>Sodium-ion batteries have several potential advantages over lithium-ion batteries. Sodium is a more abundant and less expensive material than lithium, which could make sodium-ion batteries more cost-effective to produce. Sodium-ion batteries also have a higher energy density than many other types of sodium-based batteries, such as sodium-sulfur batteries.</p><p>Despite these advantages, sodium-ion batteries have not yet achieved the same level of commercial success as lithium-ion batteries. One of the main challenges in developing sodium-ion batteries is finding suitable cathode materials that can intercalate sodium ions without degrading over time. Another challenge is developing sodium-ion batteries with the same level of energy density and power density as lithium-ion batteries.</p><p>Sodium-ion batteries are still an active area of research and development, and scientists are working on improving their performance and reducing their cost. They have the potential to be used in a variety of applications, including grid-scale energy storage, electric vehicles, and portable electronic devices.</p><p><b>SIBs Vs LIBs</b></p><p>Sodium-ion batteries and lithium-ion batteries are both types of rechargeable batteries that use intercalation chemistry to store and deliver electrical energy. However, they differ in the type of charge-carrying species they use. Sodium-ion batteries use sodium ions, while lithium-ion batteries use lithium ions.</p><p>One of the main advantages of sodium-ion batteries is their lower cost. Sodium is a more abundant and less expensive material than lithium, which could make sodium-ion batteries more cost-effective to produce. Sodium-ion batteries also have a higher energy density than many other types of sodium-based batteries, such as sodium-sulfur batteries.</p><p>However, lithium-ion batteries have several advantages over sodium-ion batteries. They have a higher energy density, meaning they can store more energy per unit of mass or volume. They also have a higher power density, meaning they can deliver or receive energy more quickly. In addition, lithium-ion batteries have a longer lifespan and are more stable than sodium-ion batteries, making them safer to use.</p><p>Despite these advantages, sodium-ion batteries are still an active area of research and development, and scientists are working on improving their performance and reducing their cost. They have the potential to be used in a variety of applications, including grid-scale energy storage, electric vehicles, and portable electronic devices.<br /></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4620305155801329637.post-71336480537212260342022-12-24T23:51:00.007+05:302023-04-20T21:13:10.889+05:30Supercapacitors<p>Supercapacitors (SC), also known as ultracapacitors, electrochemical capacitors or electrochemical double layer capacitors (EDLCs), are electrochemical devices that are used to store and deliver electrical energy. They are characterized by their high power density, long life, and fast charging and discharging capabilities, but they lack high energy density.<br /></p><p>SC are similar to capacitors in that they store electrical energy in an electric field between two conductive plates. However, unlike capacitors, which store energy using a physical separation of charges, SC store energy by electrostatically adsorbing ions onto the surface of the conductive plates. This allows them to store much more energy than traditional capacitors and to charge and discharge much faster.</p><p>SC have a number of advantages over other energy storage technologies, such as batteries. They have a much longer life, typically lasting for millions of charge/discharge cycles, compared to hundreds or thousands of cycles for batteries. They can also be charged and discharged much faster than batteries, making them well-suited for applications that require quick bursts of power.</p><p>These are used in a wide range of applications, including power backup, energy harvesting, electric vehicles, and portable electronic devices. They are also used in hybrid systems in combination with batteries or fuel cells to improve overall performance and extend the life of the system. </p><div style="text-align: left;"><b>Charge-Discharge Profile</b></div><div style="text-align: left;">They have quasi-triangular GCD profile and near rectangular-shaped CV which are characteristic of SC that use EDLC as the mechanism for energy storage, while, different types of SC, such as those that use pseudocapacitance, may exhibit different charge/discharge profiles and CV shapes.</div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li style="text-align: left;">The quasi-triangular galvanostatic (GCD) profile refers to the shape of the current vs. time graph during the charging and discharging process of a SC. During charging, the current starts high and gradually decreases as the capacitor becomes more charged, resulting in a triangular-like shape. During discharging, the current remains relatively constant until the capacitor is nearly depleted, resulting in a similar triangular-like shape. The term "quasi" is used because the shape is not a perfect triangle due to factors such as internal resistance and voltage drop.</li><li style="text-align: left;">The near rectangular-shaped cyclic voltammogram (CV) refers to the shape of the current vs. voltage graph during the cyclic voltammetry technique used to measure the capacitance of a supercapacitor. The graph shows a sharp increase in current as the voltage is ramped up, followed by a plateau where the current remains relatively constant as the voltage continues to increase, and then a sharp decrease in current as the voltage is ramped back down. The shape of the CV curve is nearly rectangular due to the rapid and reversible charge/discharge of the electrochemical double-layer.</li></ul><div style="text-align: left;"></div><div style="text-align: left;"><b>Metrics & Benchmark </b><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;">The performance of supercapacitors can be evaluated using several metrics and benchmarks, while the ideal benchmarks can vary depending on the specific application and operating conditions, and that there are trade-offs between different metrics that must be considered when designing supercapacitors for different applications. The metrics with benchmarks are as follows:</div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Energy density: The amount of energy that can be stored per unit of volume or mass. The higher the energy density, the more energy can be stored in a smaller device. (>5 Wh/kg)<br /></li><li>Power density: The rate at which energy can be delivered per unit of volume or mass. The higher the power density, the faster energy can be delivered. (>5 kW/kg)<br /></li><li>Cycle life: The number of charge/discharge cycles a supercapacitor can endure before its performance degrades significantly. A high cycle life is desirable as it ensures a longer lifespan for the device. (>10,000 cycles)<br /></li><li>Efficiency: The ratio of the amount of energy output to the amount of energy input. A high efficiency means that less energy is wasted during charge/discharge cycles. (>95%)<br /></li><li> Equivalent series resistance (ESR): The resistance of the supercapacitor's internal components that can limit its ability to deliver high power quickly. A low ESR is desirable as it enables the device to deliver energy more efficiently. (<10mΩ)<br /></li></ul><p></p><div style="text-align: left;"><b>Supercapacitors Vs LIBs</b></div><div style="text-align: left;">They both are two different types of energy storage devices that have their own unique characteristics and are used in a variety of applications depending on the specific energy and power requirements of the system.</div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>One of the main differences between SC and lithium-ion batteries is their energy density. LIB have a much higher energy density than SC, meaning they can store more energy per unit of mass or volume. This makes them well-suited for applications that require a long-lasting power source, such as laptops, cell phones, and electric vehicles.</li><li>On the other hand, SC have a much higher power density than LIB, meaning they can deliver or receive energy much more quickly. This makes them well-suited for applications that require quick bursts of power, such as regenerative braking in hybrid electric vehicles, power backup, and energy harvesting.</li><li>Another difference between the two technologies is their charging and discharging rate. SC can be charged and discharged much faster than LIB, making them well-suited for applications that require frequent charge/discharge cycles.</li><li>Finally, SC have a much longer lifespan than lithium-ion batteries, typically lasting for millions of charge/discharge cycles compared to hundreds or thousands of cycles for batteries. However, LIB have a higher energy density, which allows them to store more energy and therefore last longer in some applications.</li></ul><div style="text-align: left;"><b>Lifetime</b></div><div style="text-align: left;">Even though SC have ten thousands or millions of cycles, depending on the application requirements they can be used till they last their required increase in SR or decrease in capacitance (energy). Prolonged exposure to elevated temperatures, high voltage or/and current will lead to electrochemical degradation and therefore decrease in lifetime.<br /></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4620305155801329637.post-26643962982875775492022-12-24T23:47:00.002+05:302023-01-04T20:25:02.872+05:30Ragone Plot<p>A Ragone plot is a graphical representation of the energy density and power density of a device or system. It is commonly used to compare the performance of different energy storage technologies, such as batteries, supercapacitors, and fuel cells.</p><p>The energy density of a device is a measure of the amount of energy that can be stored in it per unit of mass or volume. It is typically expressed in units of watt-hours per kilogram (Wh/kg) or watt-hours per liter (Wh/L).</p><p>The power density of a device is a measure of the rate at which energy can be delivered or received by the device. It is typically expressed in units of watts per kilogram (W/kg) or watts per liter (W/L).</p><p>In a Ragone plot, the energy density is plotted on the y-axis and the power density is plotted on the x-axis. This allows for a comparison of the trade-off between energy density and power density for different devices or systems.</p><p>For example, a device with a high energy density may be able to store a large amount of energy, but it may not be able to deliver or receive that energy very quickly. On the other hand, a device with a high power density may be able to deliver or receive energy quickly, but it may not be able to store as much energy.</p><p>The Ragone plot is useful for comparing the performance of different energy storage technologies and for identifying the most suitable technology for a particular application. It is also useful for understanding the limitations and potential of different technologies and for identifying areas for improvement. </p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4620305155801329637.post-33277318159325267382022-12-23T23:03:00.006+05:302022-12-27T15:42:07.113+05:30Materials analysis methods<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
There are many different methods that can be used to analyze materials in order to determine their composition, structure, and other properties. Some common methods for materials analysis include:</div><ol style="text-align: left;"><li>Spectroscopy: Spectroscopy involves the use of electromagnetic radiation, such as light or x-rays, to identify the chemical elements present in a sample. Different types of spectroscopy, such as infrared (IR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and mass spectrometry (MS), can be used to analyze different types of materials and obtain different types of information.</li><li>Microscopy: Microscopy involves the use of a microscope to examine the structure and composition of materials at a very small scale. Different types of microscopy, such as optical microscopy, electron microscopy, and scanning probe microscopy, can be used to observe different types of materials and obtain different types of information.</li><li>Thermal analysis: Thermal analysis involves the use of temperature changes to study the properties of materials. Different types of thermal analysis, such as differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), can be used to measure different types of material properties, such as heat capacity and thermal stability.</li><li>Physical testing: Physical testing involves the use of mechanical or other types of physical forces to study the properties of materials. Different types of physical testing, such as tensile testing and impact testing, can be used to measure different types of material properties, such as strength and toughness.</li><li>Chemical analysis: Chemical analysis involves the use of chemical reactions or other techniques to determine the chemical composition of materials. Different types of chemical analysis, such as titration and chromatography, can be used to analyze different types of materials and obtain different types of information.</li></ol><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">The choice of materials analysis method will depend on the specific requirements of the analysis and the type of information that is needed. It's important to select an appropriate method and follow proper techniques to ensure accurate and reliable results.</div><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_materials_analysis_methods">Wikipedia List</a>
It Lists more than 230 techniques under a single page. Its worth to
note and read the list to get a wider view of techniques you may be
needed for your work.</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4620305155801329637.post-4514860793633809852022-12-21T21:10:00.002+05:302022-12-27T15:53:20.523+05:30Alternative to Liquid Electrolyte<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Even though liquid electrolytes are quite popular in the present industries, they have severe limitations in lithium-ion batteries: </div><ol style="text-align: left;"><li>Flammability: Liquid electrolytes are flammable, which can pose a safety risk if the battery is damaged or overheats. This can be particularly problematic in high-energy-density batteries, such as those used in electric vehicles, where the risk of a thermal runaway event (a rapid increase in temperature that can lead to the battery catching fire) is higher.</li><li>Leakage: Liquid electrolytes can leak out of the battery if the battery is damaged or if the seals around the electrodes break down. This can lead to a loss of performance and a reduction in the life of the battery.</li><li>Limited operating temperature range: Liquid electrolytes can freeze or boil at extreme temperatures, which limits the operating temperature range of the battery. This can be a problem in extreme environments or in applications where the battery is subjected to wide temperature fluctuations.</li><li> Poor ionic conductivity at low temperatures: The ionic conductivity of liquid electrolytes tends to decrease at low temperatures, which can reduce the performance of the battery. This can be a problem in cold climates, where the battery may not be able to deliver its full power output.</li><li>Dendrite formation: During charging and discharging, lithium ions can migrate through the electrolyte and deposit onto the electrodes, forming needle-like structures known as dendrites. Dendrite growth can cause short circuits and reduce the performance and lifespan of the battery. Liquid electrolytes can facilitate dendrite growth, particularly in high-energy-density batteries.<br /></li></ol><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Overall, while liquid
electrolytes have been widely used in lithium-ion batteries due to their
relatively low cost and ease of manufacturing, researchers are actively
exploring alternatives that may overcome some of these limitations.</div><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> </div><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">Due to these limitations, several alternatives to liquid electrolytes have been explored for use in lithium-ion batteries. These include </div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Solid-state electrolytes: These are solid materials that can conduct ions and are used in place of liquid electrolytes. Solid-state electrolytes have several advantages over liquid electrolytes, including higher ionic conductivity, better thermal stability, and a lower risk of leakage or flammability. However, they can be difficult to manufacture and may not be as conductive as liquid electrolytes. </li><li>Polymer electrolytes: These are thin films of polymer material that can conduct ions and are used in place of liquid electrolytes. Polymer electrolytes have the advantage of being lightweight and flexible, making them well-suited for use in portable devices. However, they can be less conductive than liquid electrolytes and may not be as stable over time. Gel electrolytes: These are electrolytes that have been mixed with a gelling agent, such as a polymer, to form a gel-like material. </li><li>Gel electrolytes have the advantage of being less prone to leakage than liquid electrolytes and can be used in a wider range of temperatures. However, they may not be as conductive as liquid electrolytes. </li></ul><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">It is worth noting that these alternatives to liquid electrolytes are still in the development and research phase, and they are not yet widely used in commercial lithium-ion batteries. Regenerate response<br /></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0